A pilot study found no evidence that Operación Convivencia was able to produce, in general terms, significant improvements related to state governance, state legitimacy, emergency calls associated with security issues, and crime reporting. However, significant heterogeneity was identified, as the effects of the program depended to a large extent on the initial pre-intervention conditions. In sectors where the state already had relatively strong capacity and presence, the intervention was effectively implemented. As a result, in these cases, residents reported interacting more with the municipal team, and the program contributed to increasing the legitimacy of the state and reducing both crime reports and emergency calls to the police. On the other hand, in sectors where state capacity and presence were weaker before the intervention, the quality of the intervention was lower, failing to meet some important premises, and the number of interactions was significantly lower than that observed in successful areas (around 25% on average). Consequently, no evidence was found that the program had produced positive effects on any of the desired outcomes [1].[1].