Step-by-Step Parenting Program
Effectiveness

Promising

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Promising

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Life periods served
Where the program was applied
Country of application
Description

This is a psychoeducational program for families with children up to the age of three. The intervention is carried out in the families’ homes so that parents can develop essential skills to help their children’s development.
The program has ten components:
1) Identification of impediments and motivations for parents;
2) Use of step-by-step checklists to identify specific knowledge and parenting skills, strengths, and needs;
3) Use of previous assessment information to develop a complete family support plan to meet their needs;
4) Direct parental behavior training with parents at home to teach parenting skills;
5) Parent education, including step-by-step and behavioral teaching methods, such as task analysis, simple instructions, visual aids, suggestions, modeling, roleplaying, programming for generalization, positive reinforcement, and feedback;
6) An initial focus on what parents are doing well, i.e., positive reinforcement, and the gradual introduction of constructive feedback based on steps missed or incorrectly carried out in the checklists;
7) Working on only one skill at a time so as not to overwhelm the parents;
8) Objectively controlling the acquisition of skills, maintenance and generalization of parenting skills using step-by-step checklists;
9) Monitoring the effects of parental education on the child’s health, development, and behavior; and
10) Progressively reducing home visits and building natural support systems.

Impact evaluations

An impact evaluation showed that the program produced a reduction in child abandonment, abuse, and institutionalization; and increased parenting skills, children’s health conditions, and the social support network [1].
Another study found improvements in positive maternal interaction, children’s vocalizations, language and social domains [2], while a third study found improvements in basic childcare skills [3].
The studies had limitations in relation to the small sample size, the length of follow-up, and the fact that they could not be generalized to other populations due to the ethnic composition of the group; variability in the length of follow-up, and the high drop-out rate during follow-up.

Bibliographic reference

[1] Feldman, M. A., Case, L. & Sparks, B. (1992). Effectiveness of a child-care training program for parents at-risk for child neglect. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement, 24(1), 14–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0078698

[2] Feldman, M. A. & Case, L. (2004). Step by step child care: A manual for parents and child-care providers [publisher not identified].

[3] McDaniel, B. & Dillenburger, K. (2007). Can childhood neglect be assessed and prevented through childcare skills training? Child Abuse Review, 16(2), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.950