Transition to Independence Process (TIP) Model
Problems addressed
Low educational/academic performance
Effectiveness

Promising

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Promising

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Life periods served
Teenagers (14 to 17 years)
Adults (18 to 59 years)
Where the program was applied
Community (streets or community centers)
Prisons or socio-educational residential centers
Residential - Mental health or therapeutic community services
Country of application
United States
Description

This is a program for youth ages 14 to 29 years old who are at risk or have emotional and/or behavioral problems. The objective is to increase school and/or career engagement, promote financial stability and career advancement, develop social-emotional skills, and reduce mental health symptoms and psychoactive substance use.
The program consists of following up with youth to assist them in the goal-setting process regarding career, family, education, housing, and autonomy.
The intervention comprises the following components:
1) Youth involvement in the program;
2) Provision of culturally specific health services, treatment of mental health problems, and trauma;
3) Family and community involvement to move toward the goals.
The intervention is primarily conducted by a transition facilitator, who schedules regular meetings with the youth for 18 months.

Impact evaluations

Impact evaluation studies showed that the program had statistically significant effects on school performance and university access [1] [2].

Bibliographic reference

[1] Karpur, A., Clark, H. B., Caproni, P. & Sterner, H. (2005). Transition to Adult Roles for Students With Emotional/Behavioral Disturbances. Career Development for Exceptional Individuals, 28(1), 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/08857288050280010601

[2] Haber, M. G., Karpur, A., Deschênes, N. & Clark, H. B. (2008). Predicting improvement of transitioning young people in the partnerships for youth transition initiative: Findings from a multisite demonstration. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 35(4), 488–513. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-008-9126-2

[3] Bohs, R., Lawrence, T., & Clark, H. B. R. (2021). Evaluation of outcomes of youth and young adults being served under the Transition to Independence Process (TIP) Model by a six agency collaborative. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, 18(6), 716–737. https://doi.org/10.1080/26408066.2021.1948482

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