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Description

Focused deterrence seeks to change the offender’s behavior by understanding the underlying dynamics that produce crime, the conditions that sustain recurring crime problems, and the implementation of an appropriately focused combined strategy of law enforcement, community mobilization, and social service actions. These strategies are also known as “Pulling Levers”.
This type of focused deterrence, in particular, aims to target individuals who have a history of highly violent behavior and a high risk of recidivism, who generally constitute a small percentage of individuals with criminal behavior, but who end up being responsible for a large percentage of all crimes.
The police, prosecutors, judiciary, and prison system, as well as social services, form an integrated group to monitor and work with these individuals, whether they are free or incarcerated. Their families are also a priority in social programs and programs that strengthen the ties with the individuals.
In the specific case of these interventions, high-risk actors are identified through analysis and intelligence. Those individuals then become the subject of a communication initiative (through “forums” or “group calls”) aimed at informing them that they are under constant scrutiny, that new episodes of violence will not be tolerated, and that, in case of recidivism, the full weight of the law will be applied. At the same time, actions associated with the provision of public and social services are developed, and links are promoted with community leaders, who provide moral support to the intervention.

Country of application
  • United States
Evidence

A systematic review with a meta-analysis by the Campbell Collaboration evaluated the three existing types of focused deterrence: on violent groups, on highly violent individuals, and on open drug markets [1]. The evidence found indicates that focused deterrence in general, which encompasses all three types, is an effective mechanism for reducing crime and violence.
Likewise, analyses of focused deterrence interventions focused on high-risk individuals indicate that the programs have a statistically significant effect on crime and delinquency, and occupy an intermediate position (in terms of the magnitude of the effect) among the three types of interventions evaluated.
For this type of intervention in particular, an average effect considered modest but statistically significant on delinquency was estimated, with a comparatively lower value than that observed for interventions focused on violent groups, and higher than interventions focused on open drug markets.

Bibliography

[1] Braga, A. A., Weisburd, D., Turchan, B. (2019). Focused deterrence strategies effects on crime: A systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews. e1051. https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1051

Evaluated cases

Why might the cases evaluated have different levels of effectiveness in relation to their respective type of solution?
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Some cases were not included in the evidence bank due to deficiencies detected in the methodology of their impact evaluations.
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